This is a series of reports and research materials surrounding Isaac Newton and his scientific heritage. The core elements can be divided into three lines: one is Newton's own experiment with the idea of “torture” and its form of modern puzzles; one is how Newton's gravitational theory and the laws of the three main movements set up the classic mechanics system and continue to be tested after more than 300 years; and the third is Newton's life, academic trajectory, religious perspective, and relations with concurrent scientists. This follows the logic of the matter itself.
One of the classic ideological experiments envisaged by Newton is to let two objects fall from the towers, one object is still released and the other object is thrown at a certain horizontal speed. The main point of the experiment is not what lies ahead, but how to understand the independence and gravity of the movement. The movement in horizontal direction can be viewed in isolation from the fate in vertical direction, and gravity changes only the state of movement in vertical direction, not the speed of horizontal direction directly. This ideological experiment later became a teaching tool for understanding the relationship between parabolic movements, inertia and acceleration, and a prototype of many later scientific puzzles.
It has been reported that the experiment appears in the form of a “tower drop puzzle” for the public. It is usually not simply about measuring, but whether the reader can separate horizontal and vertical movements and capture the point that “gravity affects only vertically”. The key to solving the problem often lies in the fact that both objects experience the same acceleration of the fall in vertical direction, so that they are consistent at the moment of landing in vertical direction, and that differences in horizontal direction affect only the location of the drop point and not the time of descent. This is consistent with the independence of the sporting weight in Newton mechanics.
Newton ' s major scientific achievements are concentrated in the book Philosophy ' s Mathematics of Natural Philosophy (Phirosophiæ Naturalis Pincipia Mathematica), published in 1687. For the first time, the book systematically introduced three laws of motion, based on which the theory of gravity was based. The three laws of motion together describe the object, the force of the action on the object and the relationship between the resulting movement, laying the foundation for classical mechanics.
Newton's contribution in mathematics is equally important. In 1665, he discovered a broad two-dimensional theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory later called calculus. Newton returned home to study the theory of calculus, optical and gravitational during the closure of the outbreak at Cambridge University. His calculus work uses the concept of “fluxions”, which is used to indicate instantaneous variability, which corresponds to the modern concept of a guide; while “flows” corresponds to cumulative amounts, similar to points. One of the existing manuscripts, written on May 28, 1665, was one of the first evidence of his invention of the stream method; another, written on November 13, 1665, gave a direct method of the stream method and used a very small time increment to calculate variable variations.
Newton's work in optical science is also fundamental. He showed through prism that white light could be broken down into multiple colours in the spectrum; then through lenses and the second prism, separated colour light could be re-formed. He also noted that the nature of the light itself would not be altered by reflection, dispersion or perforation, and that colour was the result of the interaction of the object with the already coloured light, rather than its own generation. This discovery integrated colour phenomena into light science and laid the foundation for modern physical optical.
Newton was born in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincoln County, England. According to the Julianic calendar, his date of birth was 25 December 1642; according to the new calendar (the calendar), 4 January 1643. His father, also Isaac Newton, died three months before his birth and was 36 years old. The mother was subsequently remarried and sent to his grandmother when she was three.
Newton joined Trinity College, Cambridge, in June 1661. At the time, college teaching was still based on Aristotle's doctrine, but Newton was more inclined to read the ideas of modern philosophers such as Cartesian, and the work of astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. Shortly after he obtained his degree in 1665, Cambridge University closed down for the prevention of the plague. For about 18 months, he studied calculus, optical and gravitational theory at home.
Newton's religious views were also characteristic at the time. In his writing, he wrote that the content of religion is no less than that of science. By rejecting the Church ' s teachings of triadism, he may be inclined to the Arius view that Jesus is the divine son of God and therefore is not equal to God itself.
On 31 March 1727, Newton died in Kensington, Middlesex, London, at the age of 84. According to the old calendar, the date of his death was 31 March 1727 and 20 March 1726. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.
Newton's gravitational theory, together with the three main laws of motion, has accomplished the first major unification in the history of physics: the interpretation of the movement of objects and celestial bodies on the ground within the same set of mechanics. This theory is at the heart of classical mechanics in the later world, as well as in engineering, natural energy and many technical fields.
It has been reported that the Newton law is still being tested after more than 300 years. Reports indicate that Newton's more than 300-year history law has just passed the largest test to date. Such tests are usually carried out through high-precision observations of celestial bodies, satellite motion data or precision measurements in laboratories, with the aim of ascertaining whether the Newtonian theory projections remain within the margin of error. While Einstein ' s broad relativity provides a more precise description under more extreme conditions, Newton mechanics is still sufficiently accurate and easier to calculate in many practical issues. Thus, such tests are not intended to overturn the Newton law, but rather to confirm its scope of application and precision.
At the same time, there have been reports of phenomena at quantum scales that appear to be contrary to Newton III. For example, studies describe a “swamper” consisting of quantum light, whose behaviour shows a departure from Newton III. Such results generally fall within the context of a challenge to classical instincts in a given quantum system, and do not mean that Newton's third law lapses in the macro-day world, but rather indicates the need for more detailed physical descriptions under quantum or non-classical conditions.
Newton ' s Principles were published, partly thanks to the encouragement and financial support of Edmond Halley. Khare played an important role in promoting the book. Newton was in dispute with the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the priority of calculus. Both of them were considered to have infinity micro-credits, but Newton's work predates Lebnitz. Despite a priority dispute, Lebnitz had made an independent contribution to the development of the calculus symbol system, which had subsequently become more widely used.
The Newton era coincided with Galileo's death (1642 Julian 1643 new calendar). Galileo had previously died in Arcetri, near Florence. Newton later inherited Galileo's idea of mathematical sports science and moved it to a more complete form. Copernicus and Kepler ' s astronomical work has also provided Newton with important precursor results that have enabled him to establish a unified mechanical interpretation between celestial and terrestrial motion.
Newton re-emerges in a number of reports and studies because his work covers mathematics, physics, optical and astronomy at the same time and forms a theoretical framework that can be used and tested over time. His three main laws of motion and gravity continue to be the basic tools for describing most macromechanical movements. His calculus division formed the basis for subsequent mathematical analysis. His optical experiments included color phenomena in the subject of physics.
Newton is often seen as one of the key figures in the scientific revolution and enlightenment movement in scientific history. His methodological contributions are also often highlighted: he not only gives laws and calculations, but also creates closer links between experiments and mathematical reasoning. This combination later became an important component of modern scientific methods.
For the general reader, the key to understanding Newton's tower implementation and classical mechanics is to capture the independence of the weight of motion: gravity only affects movement in a vertical direction, and the speed of the horizontal direction remains unchanged without external force. Thus, the problem of the parabolics could be dealt with in two separate parts. This approach applies not only to the solution of the problem, but also to the understanding of many practical movements.
For those interested in the history of science, Newton ' s life provides a number of verifiable nodes: entering the Trinity College in 1661; obtaining a degree in 1665 and discovering a broad two-dimensional theorem and beginning to develop calculus; the manuscript of 28 May 1665 was one of the earliest evidence of the flow method; the manuscript of 13 November 1665 gave a direct method of the flow method; the concept of the basis of the calculus was developed at the Wolessop estate between 1665 and 1667 as a result of the pestilence closure; the Principles published on 5 July 1687; and the Church of Westminster died on 31 March 1727. These dates and agency names may serve as a reference for checking information.
For those who are concerned about whether the Newton law is still valid, the current test trends suggest that Newton's classic theory remains strong at the macro level and in the world, while under extreme or extreme conditions, it is supplemented or amended by a broader theory (such as a broad relativity theory). Deviation from the instincts of the classic law in quantum systems is also an extension and clarification of the classic framework under certain conditions, rather than a denial of the daily applicability of Newton.
In general, this group of reports and research materials point to the same core: Newton has established the basic framework of classical mechanics through the laws of sport and all gravity, and his pedagogy studies are still teaching and puzzles to understand the independence and gravity of sports, and his theories are still being tested, quoted and understood in a wider physical landscape after more than 300 years.